London

Famous Landmarks found in England

http://projectbritain.com/landmarks.htm

The Chunnel

Wonders of the World, Part 3: Modern Wonders

EXPLORATIONS

… Our next great Wonder of the World connects land. This connecting device is called the Channel Tunnel, or "Chunnel." It connects the island that is Britain with France. It was one of the largest and most difficult construction projects ever attempted. It is a three-tunnel railroad from Calais, France to Folkestone, England. The tunnels are fifty kilometers long. They were built about forty-five meters below the earth under the English Channel. Two of the tunnels carry trains and one is used for repair work and emergencies.

The idea of a tunnel connecting Britain with other nations of Europe was first proposed to the French Emperor Napoleon in the early eighteen hundreds. However it was never a serious idea. The technology to make such a tunnel did not exist. But people dreamed of such a tunnel. Crossing the English Channel by ship was often a terrible trip because of storms.

Three serious attempts were made to build the tunnel. The first two failed. Political differences between France and Britain stopped the first attempt. Financial problems stopped the second.

The third and successful attempt to build the Chunnel began in nineteen eighty-seven after France and Britain signed an agreement. It took seven years to finish the work. To complete the tunnels, construction workers had to move more than seventeen million tons of earth. The cost was more than thirteen thousand million dollars. The Chunnel opened in nineteen ninety-four.

The Chunnel or Eurotunnel links Britain with France.

Today, the Chunnel is very busy. High-speed trains carry cars, trucks and passengers from Britain to France and back again. The trains are famous for their smooth, quiet ride. The money paid for the trip is slowly paying for the huge cost…

By Paul Thompson  “English-Russian World”

Brief History of Great Britain

The first Celtic tribes (племена) are believed to have come to the British Isles between 800 and 700 BC. Two centuries later they were followed by the Brythons or ancient Britons after whom the country was called Britain.

 The first Roman invasion (завоевание) was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC. But Britain was not conquered until some 90 years later, under Emperor Claudius, in 43 AD. Although the Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years, its effects were few. The people did not adopt the Latin language and so Latin did not displace Celtic.

In the middle of the 5th century, three Germanic tribes - The Angles, Saxons and Jute's invaded Britain from the continent. From the 8th century the Anglo-Saxons had to face Scandinavian invaders - the Danes and the Norsemen sometimes referred to as Vikings - who occupied parts of Britain and made some permanent settlements. The Scandinavian invasions continued till the 11th century.

The period of feudalism started around 1066 and lasted to the 15th century. In this period the modern English nation and language came into being. It was a period of struggle for power between kings and between powerful nobles, a period of frequent wars. But it was also a period in which the development of the wool trade and the early decline of feudalism prepared the way for England's rise as a world power.

 The period between 1485 and 1603 is known as the Tudor Period (Эпоха Тюдоров (английская королевская династия 15-17 вв.)). It was a turning point in English history. England became one of the leading powers. The two famous rulers of the House of Tudor were Henry VIII and Elisabeth I. The Elizabethan age (елизаветинская эпоха) produced the world's greatest playwright William Shakespeare.

The first 40 years of the 17th century can be characterised as a period of growing conflict between the King and parliament, representing the interests of the bourgeoisie. The conflict led to the civil war in 1640 which resulted in the abolition (отмена, упразднение, уничтожение, ликвидация,аннулирование) of the monarchy and in Cromwell's military rule in the middle of the century. This period ended in the Glorious Revolution ("Славная революция" (1688-89 - государственный переворот, завершившийся свержением Якова II (James II) и утверждением на престоле Вильгельма III Оранского (William III of Orange) и его супруги Марии (Mary). Привёл к установлению господства землевладельческой знати и крупной буржуазии, а к установлению конституционной парламентской монархии)) which marked the end of the English bourgeois revolution.

In the period of 1688 to 1760 England definitely took the lead in European commerce. During the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1850) Britain became the first industrial power in the world, "the workshop of the world." The Anglo - French rivalry for world domination which had started in the previous period continued and culminated in the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815).

The Victorian era which comprised the second half of the 19th century, called after Queen Victoria, was a period in which Britain became the strongest world power: besides being the greatest financial and commercial power, the greatest sea power and the greatest colonial power. In was the era of the greatest colonial expansion.

The 20th century is a period of the decline of Britain as a world power a period of crises of the two world wars, from which Britain emerged as a victor, but greatly weakened. It is characterised by the disintegration of Britain's colonial empire and the effort to adjust Britain to the new situation by joining the other developed capitalist countries of Western Europe in EEC (ЕЭС, Европейское экономическое сообщество).

Источник:

 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Some_brief_history_of_Great_Britain

Great Britain

To the North-West of the continent of Europe there are tow large and over 5, 000 small islands. The largest islands are called Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland are parts of Great Britain. Together with Northern Ireland they constitute the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the country is London. The total area of the United Kingdom is about 120,000 square miles. The population is over 58 million people. Most of them live in towns and cities.

The warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain very much. It is mild and wet on the whole territory. Rains and fogs are usual things here. The surface of the country varies greatly. The western and northern part is covered with mountains but the mountains are not very high. There are also a lot of beautiful lakes in this area.  The rest of the territory is a vast plain with rivers but the rivers are neither deep nor long. The most important of them are Severn and the Thames.

The United Kingdom was originally an agricultural and sheep-farming country. At present it is a highly developed  industrial power. It is known as a world's largest producer and exporter of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, textile and chemicals, aircraft and navigation equipment. The largest industrial cities of the country are Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Coventry, Manchester etc. Liverpool is the largest port on the west coast of England. Glasgo is also a large sea port and a centre of ship-building industry.

But the greatest town and port of the United Kingdom is London with the population of more than 8 million. London is political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of the country. It is situated on the river Thames. The City of London is the oldest part of the capital, its financial and business centre where numerous banks, offices and  firms are concentrated. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. There are a lot of places of interest in the British capital such as the Tower of London and Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament with Big Ben and St. Paul's Cathedral, Trafalgar Square with the tall Nelson's column and Picadilly Circus, Buckingham palace where the Queen lives etc. There are also a number of museum and picture galleries in London which are famous  for their rich collections of masterpieces of fine arts.

To my mind, almost every town and city in Great Britain can be considered as a place of interest. Most of them are very old and visitors can find there a lot of cultural and architectural monuments such as castles, churches, abbeys, houses where outstanding people were born, lived and created their works. It proves that  Great Britain is a country with  old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous places of education are Oxford and Cambridge  which are considered to be  the intellectual centres of  Europe.

The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. It is known than the Queen reigns but doesn't rule. In practice the country is rules by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers:  the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are large and small political parties in the United Kingdom. The main of them are the Conservative, the Labour  and the Liberal Parties. The party which wins the elections and gets the majority of seat of the House of Commons becomes the ruling party. The leader of this party traditionally becomes the Prime Minister. The current Prime Minister, David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 11 May 2010.

5 Easy Ways to Save the Planet

Ex. 2 b, p. 99

1)

The Queen is Head of State of the UK and 15 other Commonwealth lands. She was born in 1926 and became Queen at the age of 25, and has reigned through more than 60 years of great social change and development. The Queen is married to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and has four children and eight grandchildren. Surprisingly, The Queen of England despite all her present majesty and glory, is not allowed to enter the House of Commons simply because she is not its member!

2)

The official religion in Britain is Christianity as practised by the Anglican Church. Its followers are known as protestants. Until the 16th century Britain was a Roman Catholic Country. King Henry VIII, who ruled at that time, wanted to have a son, but his first wife gave birth only to daughters. He decided to divorce her, but the Vatican didn’t allow him to do it. So he decided to found his own church - Church of England or Anglican Church, which up till today is country’s major religion.

3)

Eurotunnel is the company responsible for building the twin railway tunnels under the English Channel connecting Britain and France. The Channel Tunnel is often called by the British simply as Chunnel. Eurotunnel runs its own shuttle service that carries passengers and their vehicles. Trains run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The shuttle has now been in operation for over 12 years and since its first commercial services 177 million people have travelled through the Channel Tunnel - that's 3 times the population of both France and England!

4)

White buildings of whisky distilleries is a typical sight of the Scottish Highlands. The production of whisky started in 1494 and now there are over a hundred distilleries . No two whiskies can taste the same, and the taste cannot be copied anywhere in the world, because the water is taken from local hills. And of course one can’t visit Scotland without trying to find Nessie at Loch Ness.

5)

Wales is a small country with a colourful history and beautiful landscapes, including 3 National Parks. At only 170 miles from north to south and 60 miles east to west, it's no surprise that you're never far from a mountain or the sea. Welsh - the native language - is spoken by many people in Wales, and is one of the oldest languages in the world. Wales is also known as 'the land of castles', it is home to 641 famous fortresses - more castles per square mile than anywhere else in the world. Wales is also home to 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and although Cardiff, the capital city, dates back to Roman times, it's actually Britain's youngest city!

Problems of the Planet (pages 2, 3)

Problems of the Planet

Exercise 3, page 86

"My name’s Leah and I’m sixteen. I want to become an environmentalist. I’m worried about some environmental issues. Water, for example, is a valuable natural resource. Current water shortages in the south-east of the country underline the fact that the UK, with its densely-settled population, has less water for each person than Spain and Portugal. We are facing shortage in some areas because demand has increased, while supply has not. The growth is the result of our higher standard of living, which has many watery links: personal health and hygiene, enjoyment of gardens and nicer cityscapes. We could be more efficient, of course.

Experts say that that to be kinder to the planet, it might help if we all reduce the amount of time we spend in the shower. Trying to do this has been pretty hard for me because I'm a fan of singing in the shower, even though it doesn't sound too good. But I've got a timer on my phone to remind me when I need to jump out.

 I’ve also persuaded Mum to wait till we get a full load for our washing machine and the dishwasher. My next step will be to persuade Dad to use buckets of water, not the hosepipe for washing the car. I’m afraid he’s not ready for that yet.

Now I fill a cup with water to clean my teeth. This was something I picked up from the questionnaire on saving water we did at school. If only I’d started much earlier. If I’d started a couple of years ago, I would’ve saved tons of water.

Fortunately, none of our taps are dripping and Mum always uses rainwater for watering the plants in the garden, so we’re not wasting too much water. 

I've found that I am thinking more about the decisions I make when it comes to washing vegetables or fruit. You’d say it’s just a drop in the ocean. I’d say it’s a small thing that can make a difference. It's also been great fun." 

It's in Our Nature

Exercise 2, page 78

A. It may be a global issue, but when scientists across the world are asked what the effects of climate change will look like, they quickly point to our country. Of all the wealthy countries, we’re probably in greatest danger.

Due to past carbon emissions the temperatures have risen, but what we do between now and 2050 is crucial for the climate change later this century and beyond. While government assessments predict over 250,000 homes may be at risk from rising sea levels, Greenpeace says climate change will affect us beyond our front doors. Despite knowing the problems faced by one of our best-loved tourist attractions, we’re still not doing enough to protect the Great Barrier Reef. Though chemicals are damaging the reef, climate change and global warming are the greatest dangers to it. A temperature rise between 2 and 3 degrees Celsius would result in 97% of the Great Barrier Reef being destroyed. Reducing greenhouse gases emissions must be of high priority, even if the full consequences of this are not yet understood.

We’re the biggest coal exporter in the world. We might like to think that our own global carbon emissions are small (2% of the global emissions), but they’re much, much greater than that due to our coal exports to the countries of our region like Japan, South Korea, China and even to the Netherlands. If we had developed alternative, renewable energy sources, we’d have fewer problems now. We should be replacing fossil fuels with renewable power. We can become world leaders in solar, wind, marine and geothermal energies.   

B. With so many land-based species endangered, ‘the extinction crisis’ is agreed upon as a serious environmental challenge. We have already seen a fairly disturbing loss of our biodiversity. A number of introduced species have been added to the country’s native flora and fauna. The biodiversity of this large Pacific archipelago is one of the most unusual on Earth. The arrival of humans has presented a challenge for the native species, causing extinction of several. Over 50% of the local bird species are extinct, along with a species of bat and several frogs and a freshwater fish. This place is second only to Hawaii in terms of proportions of species lost. The animals are also in danger because of deforestation and – as a result – destruction of animal habitats.   

C. In 2010 there was an oil spill which is considered the worst in the country’s history. It is estimated that over 205 million gallons (gallon = 3,79 l) of oil were released into the Gulf. If the spill had been stopped earlier, the damage wouldn’t have been so great. Many species could be lost as a result. The beaches of Florida were contaminated. The harmful chemicals caused health problems in people – especially those with heart and lung problems. The real impact on the seafood industry will have long-term consequences. BP (British Petroleum) has been suffering long-term damage as they have been known as the oil company with the most environmentally friendly image. 
D. It is estimated that more than 1 million tonnes of textiles only are thrown away every year in this country alone. The country consumes natural resources at a terrible rate and contributes unnecessarily to climate change. Each year the population generates approximately 280 million tonnes of waste, which causes environmental damage and costs businesses and consumers a lot of money. The government and the people are doing a lot to reduce the waste some of which is reused or recycled. According to RecycleNow, the country’s recycling policy saves more than 18 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year – equivalent to taking 5 million cars off the road! If more waste was reduced, greenhouse emissions from landfills (places where rubbish is buried) could be reduced too. Moreover, landfills are a danger to local ground water supplies. Every time it rains, water drains through the rubbish, and picks up chemicals and hazardous materials. The water collects at the bottom of the landfill, often in large amounts and can become very toxic.

E. Polar bears may only be around for another 100 years because global warming is destroying their habitat. As the Earth gets hotter, sea ice melts, and this sea ice is a huge part of the polar bears' lives. They use it as a platform to stand on when they catch seals to eat, and also walk on sea ice to get to their homes - dens. Already some polar bears, in places like Hudson Bay, are beginning to struggle because of the effects of global warming.

The sea ice is melting at a speed of 9% a year, and when it's all gone the polar bears will have to find new ways of living before they become extinct. Other bears have learnt to change their habits, but polar bears need the fat from seals to get through the winter. Arctic animals like polar bears could be completely killed off because they are also eating poisonous chemicals made by humans. Scientists have found dangerous chemicals we make have reached the food chain of animals in the Arctic circle. Poisons from plastics and electrical goods can take years to break down and disappear. But they are carried along in water for hundreds of kilometres. Eventually they get into food and water eaten by smaller animals and fish. Inuit Eskimo communities are eating the food too, which could seriously damage them. Most countries have now banned the use of these chemicals in their plastics. But some - like Russia and the US - still use some dangerous chemicals.

F. On 26 April 1986 one of four reactors exploded after an experiment at the nuclear power plant northwest of the Ukrainian city of Chernobyl. As a result, a fire burnt for nine days and at least 100 times more radiation than the atom bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima was released into the air. 25 years later, we still don’t know the real effects of the disaster. From 2006 to 2009 a group of scientists from different countries counted and examined wildlife including insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The scientists say radioactive contamination in the Chernobyl exclusion zone has a serious impact on biodiversity in Ukraine and the neighbouring Belarus. According to their research, the number of mammals has decreased. Scientists in Ukraine criticized these conclusions. They say that because of the low level of human influence the biodiversity has increased. Many scientists recommend that the governments should turn this place into a wildlife haven – a natural laboratory where they can study the long-term consequences of this kind of accident. One of the scientists said, ”If people were more careful in general, the accident would never have happened. Let’s try and be more careful at least now and not jump to conclusions.”    

Earth Song - Lyrics

What about sunrise

 What about rain

 What about all the things

 That you said we were to gain

 What about killing fields

 Is there a time

 What about all the things

 That you said was yours and mine

 Did you ever stop to notice

 All the blood we've shared before

 Did you ever stop to notice

 The crying Earth the weeping shores?

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 What have we done to the world

 Look what we've done

 What about all the peace

 That you pledge your only son

 What about flowering fields

 Is there a time

 What about all the dreams

 That you said was yours and mine

 Did you ever stop to notice

 All the children dead from war

 Did you ever stop to notice

 The crying Earth the weeping shores

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 I used to dream

 I used to glance beyond the stars

 Now I don't know where we are

 Although I know we've drifted far

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Hey, what about yesterday

 (What about us)

 What about the seas

 (What about us)

 The heavens are falling down

 (What about us)

 I can't even breathe

 (What about us)

 What about everthing

 (What about us)

 I have given you

 (What about us)

 What about nature's worth

 (ooo, ooo)

 It's our planet's womb

 (What about us)

 What about animals

 (What about it)

 We've turned kingdoms to dust

 (What about us)

 What about elephants

 (What about us)

 Have we lost their trust

 (What about us)

 What about crying whales

 (What about us)

 We're ravaging the seas

 (What about us)

 What about forest trails

 (ooo, ooo)

 Burnt despite our pleas

 (What about us)

 What about the holy land

 (What about it)

 Torn apart by creed

 (What about us)

 What about the common man

 (What about us)

 Can't we set him free

 (What about us)

 What about children dying

 (What about us)

 Can't you hear them cry

 (What about us)

 Where did we go wrong

 (ooo, ooo)

 Someone tell me why

 (What about us)

 What about baby boy

 (What about it)

 What about the days

 (What about us)

 What about all their joy

 (What about us)

 What about the men

 (What about us)

 What about the crying man

 (What about us)

 What about Abraham

 (What was us)

 What about death again

 (ooo, ooo)

 Do we give a damn

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh

 Aaaaaaaaah, Oooooooooh...

Earth Song

Deforestation

Lesson 3, Ex.2

Interviewer: There is no doubt that the Amazon rainforest is very important for the environment. But it is thought that an area bigger than France has been cut down since the 1970s, and recently trees are being cut down at an even more worrying rate.

Rosa Lemos de Sa: The Amazon rainforest is being given extra protection now, because the Brazilian government is worried about how quickly it is being destroyed. Politicians have decided they’ve got to do more to stop people illegally cutting down trees in the forest.  

I: The Amazon forest is known as ‘the lungs of the world’. Why?

R: This is because the trees breathe in gases like carbon dioxide – which are harmful to us – and breathe out oxygen, cleaning the air for us. Deforestation in this area is likely to increase the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 

I: Some experts say that forests depletion is also increasing ozone in the atmosphere and making people short of breath.

R: Fortunately, it’s a myth. Ozone depletion is happening due to chemicals (CFCs) released into the atmosphere by people. And deforestation is not making people short of breath as there is enough oxygen in the air to breathe.

I: 7.5 million hectares of rainforest are being cut down each year to make space for growing cattle and crops and for sale – that makes 20 football pitches every minute.

R: Human activities have made a terrible impact on the environment in the region. If people hadn’t cut down the trees to develop agriculture, the soil wouldn’t have become unable to produce good crops. Together with the trees, a huge number of species of plants and animals have disappeared, that could be useful to people in the future. If the habitat for wildlife hadn’t been lost, hunting wouldn’t have become more difficult for the local people and their cultures wouldn’t have been lost.

I: What can be done to protect rainforests?

R: You may think that it is just necessary to stop people cutting down trees. However, it’s not as simple as that. Most of the countries that have rainforests are poor and have high rates of population growth. They’re just trying to make some money.

I: So what do you think should have been done by the local authorities?

R: If a mixture of different crops and trees had been planted together, the soils would have stayed fertile.  And if wildlife reserves had been set up, more money could have been made through tourism. It’s never too late to start making changes, though. The prices for rainforest products should be increased, sales of hard wood should be banned, damage caused by machinery should be reduced and traditions of the local people must be respected. 

Protection of the Environment

The protection of the environment is now the question of life or death on the Earth. Life on our planet needs special conditions such as tempera­ture, the composition of the ground, air and water, the level of radiation and so on. If these conditions are broken, there will be no life in a few decades. The problem of pollution started being discussed in our country some twenty years ago. Then a wonderful film called "Per Aspera ad Astram" ("Through Thorns to Stars") was shot. This film represents a planet whose ecological balance was broken. It is a terrible sight. There peo­ple could not walk without special masks and had to buy air to breathe. The food was poisonous and most of children were born with mental or physical defects. The nation was on the brink of extinction. If the mankind does not want to cease existing, it should pay more attention to the problems of the environment.

Polluted air and water now causes poor health of babies and children, many people have bad teeth and weak bones, they are weak and often fall ill. So we can say that to hurt the Earth is to hurt ourselves.

The problems of the environment are now deeply studied all over the world and in Russia as well. Pollution is mainly caused by the human activities. People dig the ground to get ores, oil, gas, coal and other mineral resources. But the ores contain a small percent of the needed metals which are ex­tracted with the help of many machines and complex technological processes.

When the metal is extracted, other substances are left on the ground and can get into the soil, water and air. If oil gets into the water, it makes the water poisonous for both people and animals. The feathers of birds and the hair of sea-animals get glued and birds cannot fly, animals cannot breathe and so they die. During many processes poisonous gases (carbon dioxide, for example) are thrown out in the air. These gases and substances not only make the air dirty and unsuitable for breathing but also destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere. It is very dangerous, because this ozone layer protects the Earth against the space radiation which can be harmful to both people and wild nature.

The atmosphere pollution also causes the greenhouse effect. If there is much dirt in the air, it becomes thicker and does not let out the sunrays which have come through it down on the Earth. It means that the climate becomes warmer and warmer every year. It can be measured by the growth of the average summer and winter temperatures. The danger is that a warmer climate causes the melting of the Arctic ice and the rise in the level of the World Ocean. So, water will cover some land and probably most fertile land. In its turn, it will cause great hunger because the rest of the land won't be good enough to feed the hungry. Another factor of risk is that polluted air is dangerous not only for the humans and animals but also for the trees and other plants which produce oxygen.

Water pollution is another great problem. Factories and plants produce water polluted with poisons or oils and let that water into rivers and seas. That is dangerous for the wildlife and for people, who need clean water to drink. There are also acid rains harming forests which produce oxygen necessary for the life on the Earth. Only few organisms (some bacteria) can live without oxygen. Many species of flora and fauna have died out because of wasteful use and pollution, many are dying out now. Dirty waters and fertilizers cause land pollution. Plants cannot grow on the polluted land.

The problem is people cannot stop most of technological processes and procedures because we cannot live without the products produced. On the other hand, if the pollution is not stopped we'll die out anyway. The only reasonable decision is to invent new, waste-free and nature-friendly technologies. People now do a lot of things. They develop and pro­duce special water and air purifiers and filters. They organize National parks and Wildlife reservations. People organize new technologies of forest usage - they cut old, the so-called "ripe" trees and at the same time plant young trees which in forty or fifty years become ready for usage. People breed wild animals (sables, marsh-otters, hares, European bisons, crocodiles, ostriches, many kinds of fish and others) on special farms so there is no need for hunting. It is interesting to know that polar foxes from farms are more beautiful than the wild ones because they are cared after, cured and well-fed. There is an international organization called Green Peace which fights against pollution and protects Nature. Its ship the Rainbow Warrior helps control air and water pollution.

It seems that to stop pollution is very difficult and all countries must work together to solve this problem. But there every one can help nature. I believe there should be an environmental programme at Russian school. This programme should include lessons about pollution and how chil­dren can help the Earth.

There are alternatives to cleaners, pesticides and other substances which we can use, soda, for example. We should not cut trees and other plants, we should help animals. We must collect waste properly so it does not get into water or soil. There is a good formula of RRR. It is Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

We can reduce the usage of electricity and drinking water. For example, when you clean your teeth and let the water run, you lose two or three liters of water. Now multiply 3 liters by the number of people in our city and you will see that it is a lot. But we can stop it if we switch off the water. We can reduce the usage of packing and buying things in plastic packs. It is important, because it is very difficult to recycle plastic.

We should reuse everything we can. For example, we can reuse plastic bags. If people reuse plastic bags, the factories will produce less of them and will harm Nature less.

We also should recycle what we can. We can recycle paper, aluminium cans, glass and plastic bottles and fabrics. I think throwing away and not recycling is a crime against our Nature. These things are very easy and every man can help a lot.